When negative conditions frustrate a group's attempts at successful acquisition of its most essential needs (e.g., food, shelter), groups develop a compelling, shared ideology that – when combined with social and political pressures – may lead to the most extreme form of scapegoating: genocide. Here are 18 famous scapegoats unfairly blamed that people wrongly believed, some still to this day, to be at fault: The original scapegoat, an English translation of the Hebrew ăzāzêl loosely meaning “the goat that departs”, is a biblical figure who first appears in Leviticus as an animal who is symbolically burdened with the sins of man before being cast out into the desert. The Normans burnt at the stake a cockerel for witchcraft, swords were prosecuted in Ancient Greece for murder, and St. Bernard excommunicated a swarm of flies that were persistent in annoying him. Captain McVay was a clear case of scapegoating of a most orchestrated type. [19][20] In the second book, With the People from the Bridge, the male and female characters are treated apotropaically as vampires and are cast out from both the world of the living and that of the dead. Whether comforting to blame others, or merely an evolutionary response to an inescapable feeling of responsibility and societal pressure, we have routinely affixed fault, sometimes with malicious intent and other times blindly, to innocent parties. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Girard developed the concept much more extensively as an interpretation of human culture. In this way the city was supposedly protected from ill fortune for another year. During the Roman feast of Lupercalia, priests (Luperci) cut thongs from the sacrificial animals (goats and a dog), then raced around the walls of the old Palatine city, striking women (especially) as they passed with the thongs. Jesus Christ is seen to have fulfilled all of the biblical "types"—the High Priest who officiates at the ceremony, the Lord's goat that deals with the pollution of sin and the scapegoat that removes the "burden of sin". Scapegoats are individuals or groups blamed by society for something that might not entirely be their fault, explains EducationBug.org. For centuries, scapegoating has been one of the most effective tools leaders have used to unite people underneath a false banner in order to establish power. A scapegoat may be an adult, child, sibling, employee, peer, ethnic, political or religious group, or country. Page 224. Furthermore, in an act of monumental irony the man responsible for the initial translation and introduction of the term into the English language, William Tyndale, was himself made into a scapegoat for his influential work. [15] These works influenced some philosophical anthropologists, such as Ernest Becker and René Girard. This is the point where one person is singled out as the cause of the trouble and is expelled or killed by the group. Over and over, the human race has blamed the woes of their lands on the mysterious “other.” Despite the fact that this behavior is documented in history books, world leaders never seem to learn from past mistakes, and this blame-game will probably be played forever. The keyword here is "content". This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/scapegoat. Pages 1:536–537 in, The JPS guide to Jewish traditions. Perera (1986), p.18 (two quotes re modern secular culture, Azazel's role debased). Each of these atrocities stemmed from the propagated belief that they were the reason why their countries were failing. "[7] Several modern versions however either leave it as the proper noun Azazel, or footnote "for Azazel" as an alternative reading. Subsequently he took two goats and presented them at the door of the tabernacle. In 1920s Boston, two Italian anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were arrested for murder and armed robbery. An unavoidable part of our flawed human condition is the tendency to make mistakes, yet instead of accepting our failings and seeking to learn from them, we retain an innate proclivity towards seeking to attach fault onto others. Therapy includes modeling self-protective skills for the victim's battered ego, and guidance in the search for inner integrity, to find the victim's own voice. The original scapegoat William Tyndale coined the word 'scapegoat' in his 1530 Bible, to describe a ritual from the Jewish Day of Atonement. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Political agitation in all countries is full of such projections, just as much as the backyard gossip of little groups and individuals. [9], The scapegoat theory of intergroup conflict provides an explanation for the correlation between times of relative economic despair and increases in prejudice and violence toward outgroups. For the social-psychological sense of a person or group singled out for blame, see. The use of scapegoats has a long and varied history involving many kinds of animals, as well as human beings. What better way to keep people’s minds off the problems at hand than bringing up and blaming an evil race of boogeymen from a distant land? In them, a she-goat with a silver bracelet hung from her neck was driven forth into the wasteland of "Alini"; "we" in the report of the ritual involves the whole community. 1. Scapegoating may be conducted by individuals against individuals (e.g.

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