Focusing on the statute's references to "a stop lamp" and "[t]he stop lamp" in the singular, the court concluded that a vehicle is required to have only one working brake light — which Heien's vehicle indisputably did. 1302, and Riddle illustrates that it encompassed suspicion based on reasonable mistakes of both fact and law. The Court is, of course, correct that "`the ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is "reasonableness."'" Nor will it often be the case that any evidence that may be seized during the stop will be suppressed, thanks to the exception to the exclusionary rule for good-faith police errors. In reaching the contrary conclusion, the Court makes both serious legal and practical errors. Michele Goldman , Raleigh, NC, Donald B. Ayer , Jones Day, Washington, DC, Jeffrey L. Fisher , Counsel of Record, Stanford Law School, Supreme Court Litigation Clinic, Stanford, CA, for Petitioner. We did say in a footnote that suppression of the evidence found on DeFillippo would serve none of the purposes of the exclusionary rule. Both the majority and the dissent in the North Carolina Supreme Court so concluded, and we agree. rely on donations for our financial security. 5,125) (C.C.D.Mass.1812) (Story, J. 214 N.C. App. 366 N.C. 271, 737 S.E.2d 351. Vasquez assented, and Darisse asked whether the men were transporting various types of contraband. See id., at 40, 99 S.Ct. We noted that it would have been wrong for that officer not to enforce the law in that situation. Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. 54 (2014), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court, ruling that a police officer's reasonable mistake of law can provide the individualized suspicion required by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution to justify a traffic stop. § 20-129(d) (emphasis added). Listed below are the cases that are cited in this Featured Case. We have recognized that searches and seizures based on mistakes of fact can be reasonable. See, e.g., Carroll v. Carman, ante, at 7, ___ U.S.___, 135 S.Ct. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S.___,___, 131 S.Ct. Finally, Heien and amici point to the well-known maxim, "Ignorance of the law is no excuse," and contend that it is fundamentally unfair to let police officers get away with mistakes of law when the citizenry is accorded no such leeway. But if not, not. I would hold that determining whether a search or seizure is reasonable requires evaluating an officer's understanding of the facts against the actual state of the law. It thus states the uncontroversial proposition that the probable-cause inquiry looks to the reasonableness of an officer's understanding of the facts. SOTOMAYOR, J., filed a dissenting opinion. DeFillippo thus did not involve any police "mistake" at all. Although the North Carolina statute at issue refers to "a stop lamp," suggesting the need for only a single working brake light, it also provides that "[t]he stop lamp may be incorporated into a unit with one or more other rear lamps." 723 (No. 1106, 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971). In Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696, 116 S.Ct. Jeffrey L. Fisher , Stanford, CA, for Petitioner. N.C. Gen.Stat. This framing of the reasonableness inquiry has not only been focused on officers' understanding of the facts, it has been justified in large part based on the recognition that officers are generally in a superior position, relative to courts, to evaluate those facts and their significance as they unfold. 1781, 72 L.Ed.2d 66 (1982)). Further, the Court looks to our decision in Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 99 S.Ct. The limit is that "the mistakes must be those of reasonable men." Although such recent cases did not address mistakes of law, older precedents did. ("There is scarcely any law which does not admit of some ingenious doubt"). In his view, the officers' mistake of law resulted in a violation the Fourth Amendment, but suppression of the drugs was not the proper remedy. It was thus objectively reasonable for an officer in Sergeant Darisse's position to think that Heien's faulty right brake light was a violation of North Carolina law. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) (framing the question as whether the "facts" give rise to reasonable suspicion). Cf. See Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. ___, ___, 131 S.Ct. Officers in the field must make factual assessments on the fly, Heien notes, and so deserve a margin of error. of Oral Arg. In those cases, however, we had already found or assumed a Fourth Amendment violation. None of the cases Heien or the dissent cites precludes a court from considering a reasonable mistake of law in addressing that question.

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