The transgene may either be a different version of one of the organism’s genes or a gene that does not exist in their genome. Still other plants have been engineered to contain the gene for the Bacillus … In plant disease: The use of genetic engineering in developing disease-resistant plants. A gene may be programmed to produce an antiviral protein in a bacterial cell. The vision of pharmacogenomics is to be able to design and produce drugs that are adapted to each person’s genetic makeup. This means that science can engineer farm animals to grow faster, have healthier meat and flesh, and be less able to feel the pain and suffering often associated with the conditions present in modern factory farms. Genes, Technology and Policy/Applications in Medicine. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat the disease. Better vaccines. Finally, endangered animal species can be cloned, thus helping wildlife management in its goals of preserving wild populations of the earth’s biological diversity, and by ensuring that endangered animals’ genetic information will not be lost when the last of the species dies. A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated sequences. Give examples of how biotechnology is used in medicine. More advanced forms of gene therapy try to correct the mutation at the original site in the genome, such as is the case with treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). A transgenic organism is an organism which has been modified with genetic material from another species. …an organism’s genes) are called transgenic. Despite the early success demonstrated with the hepatitis B vaccine, no other recombinant engineered vaccine has been approved for use in humans. Not all of the complete genetic material is initially transferred, only one or several genes, which have been previously; selected, extracted and isolated. Protocols for genetically engineered vaccines raise issues on their efficacy and overall benefit. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs. This potential problem may be overcome by employing one of the many new types of adjuvants that are becoming available for use in humans. Genetically manipulated mice: Laboratory mice are genetically manipulated by deleting a gene for use in biomedical research. 4. In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient’s gene to a normal version of the gene. It was very expensive and often elicited unwanted allergic responses. Transgenic plants that are tolerant to herbicides and that … The genetic modification is accomplished by inserting DNA into an embryo with the assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene gun. From manipulation of mutant genes to enhanced resistance to disease, biotechnology has allowed advances in medicine. However, until the late 1900s farmers and scientist could breed new strains of a plant or organism only from closely related species, because the DNA had to be compatible for offspring to be able to reproduce another generation. The process of genetic engineering involves splicing an area of a chromosome, a gene, that controls a certain characteristic of the body. These genes usually add some special ability or function to the organism. In contrast, conventional vaccines contain trace amounts of other antigens that may aid in conferring an immunity to infectious agents that is more solid than could be provided by a monovalent vaccine. The purpose of genetic engineering in animals is to create animals with special characteristics. Genetic engineering of animals involves manipulating or modifying the genetic code of selected animals to alter their characteristics and to introduce certain desired traits. This allows scientists to create animals that are completely foreign to the earth and specifically tailored to possess only the traits that humans desire in animals. There are two major types of gene tests. Once sealed into the DNA, the bacteria is now effectively re-programmed to replicate this new antiviral protein. For example, this gene may be programmed to produce an antiviral protein. Natural animals are specifically adapted to a given environment and when science manipulates the genes of a few species in the ecosystem, the entire balance of the ecosystem might fall completely apart and cause an unknown number of natural animal species to grow extinct. Since then, modern biotechnology has made it possible to produce more easily and cheaply the human growth hormone, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin, and other drugs. With modern biotechnology, these genes can be used as targets for the development of effective new therapies, which could significantly shorten the drug discovery process. Knowing a patient’s genetics will enable doctors to determine how well the patient’s body can process and metabolize a medicine. Genomic knowledge of the genes involved in diseases, disease pathways, and drug-response sites are expected to lead to the discovery of thousands more new targets. In 1978, Genentech joined a gene for insulin with a plasmid vector and put the resulting gene into a bacterium called Escherichia coli.

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