Antigenic drift is one reason why there is a flu season every year and also a reason for why people can get the flu multiple times in their lifetime. In the end, perhaps unsurprisingly, Hultin was unable to retrieve the 1918 virus from this initial attempt. The 1918 virus was extremely virulent. Saving Lives, Protecting People. With the entire genome of the 1918 virus now sequenced, the necessary information was in place to reconstruct a live version of the 1918 virus. According to the authors, the existing strain to which the 1918 virus sequences were most closely related was “A/sw/Iowa/30,” the oldest classical swine influenza strain. 76(1): 105-115. One challenge is that flu vaccines are often moderately effective, even when well matched to circulating viruses. The specific criteria for each biosafety level are detailed in the CDC/NIH publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. Overall, the phylogenetic analysis seemed to indicate that the ultimate source of the 1918 virus’ NA was avian in nature, but the authors couldn’t determine the pathway from its avian source to the virus’ final pandemic form. The authors found that the NA gene of the 1918 virus shared many sequence and structural characteristics with both mammalian and avian influenza virus strains.9 Phylogenetic analysis suggested the NA gene of the 1918 virus was intermediately located between mammals and birds, suggesting that it likely was introduced into mammals shortly before the 1918 pandemic. 1940: Influenza B viruses are discovered. Ann Reid et al. Photo credit: Angie Busch Alston. In 1947, Jonas Salk, one of the vaccine's creators, began to develop a polio vaccine, which was perfected and approved in 1955. Vol. Today, Dr. Tumpey is the branch chief of the Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch in CDC’s Influenza Division. To find an answer, 10-day old fertilized chicken eggs were inoculated with the 1918 virus. Years earlier, Dr. Palese helped pioneer the use of plasmids in reverse genetics to produce viable influenza viruses. A colorized image of the 1918 virus taken by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Recently, new “rapid molecular assays” have become available that are timely and much more accurate than RIDTs. No. 5. Pp. The best defense against the flu continues to be a flu vaccine, but even today, flu vaccines face a number of challenges. Each biosecurity level also corresponds with specific laboratory practices and techniques, personnel training requirements, laboratory equipment, and laboratory facilities that are appropriate for the operations being performed. Photo credit: Terrence Tumpey, CDC. Pp. Forty-six years had passed since Hultin’s first trip to the gravesite, and he was now 72 years old. Due to the mobility and expansion of human populations, even once exotic pathogens, like Ebola, which previously affected only people living in remote villages of the African jungle, now have managed to find their way into urban areas, causing large outbreaks. 9. Other experiments were conducted to determine if infection with the 1918 virus could spread to other vital organs of mice — such as the brain, heart, liver and spleen. Photo credit: James Gathany - Public Health Image Library #7989. Dr. Tumpey was formerly a U.S. Department of Agriculture microbiologist at the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia. For more information on the 1918 pandemic, see CDC’s 1918 (H1N1 virus) website. Hultin’s initial attempt to rescue the 1918 virus was unsuccessful. That year, Hultin came across an article in the journal Science authored by Jeffery Taubenberger et al. He once again sought permission to excavate the gravesite from the village council — which he obtained — and he also hired locals to assist in the work. No diagnostic tests existed at the time that could test for influenza infection. 9679-9682, Darwyn Kobasa et al. During each stop, Hultin – ever resourceful – would deboard the plane and attempt to re-freeze the lung samples using carbon dioxide from a fire extinguisher. However, as his experiments involving recombinant flu viruses with some but not all of the 1918 virus’s genes showed, it was not any single component of the 1918 virus but instead the unique combination of all of its genes together that made it so particularly dangerous. However, this change was not found in the NA of the 1918 virus. His wife’s garden shears, which Hultin borrowed to conduct the excavation, are shown in the center of the picture.

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