Hopewell, Mississippian and Pueblo peoples were similar. Which Pueblo peoples built roads across the dessert to facilitate trade? Southwest region. What is the Southwest region's climate like? in their creation of elaborate ceremonial and urban sites. Learn pueblo with free interactive flashcards. Ancestral Puebloan. pilgrimage? this tribe was said to be master architects. The ancestors of the Pueblo Indians, whose scattered villages dot the valleys and mesas of northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona today (main sites were Mesa Verde in Colorado, Kayenta in Arizona, and Chaco Canyon in New Mexico); patient and expert farmers in semi-arid conditions . Mississippian city with more than 100 temple mounds, The Native Americans E of the Mississippi River were characterized for, the increase in farming led to an emphasis on a matrilineal inheritance system, Characteristic of the Aztecs, Mayans, and Iroquois, kinship bonds were sometimes more important than nuclear families, Seasonal agricultural cycle for W European peasants, heavy work in spring and during the fall harvest, lighter work at other times, Traditional European peasant societies deaths, peaked in Jan and Feb and again in Aug and Sep, Similarity in European, Aztec and Mayan civilizations, each was a hierarchal society in which authority came from above, When English woman married in fifteenth century, gave up ownership of her property to her husband, Eldest son inherits nearly all of his father's estate, Roman and medieval Catholic festivals and the agricultural cycle, attempted to integrate these into Christian holy days and biblical teachings, made W European merchants aware of trade routes that stretched to China, Europeans were exposed to Arab trade goods and were reacquainted with their classical heritage, Ideology that celebrates public virtue and service to the state, First European nation to involve itself in exploration of the Atlantic as a route to Asia and the African slave trade, were small farmers living in extended families, Marriage of Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand, Columbus' voyages were not well remembered because, Spanish conquistadores that went to the Americas were driven by, a thirst for battle and riches as well as land in the conquered territory and titles of nobility, Spain found little difficulty conquering the Aztecs because, the empire was the victim of disease and a vast internal rebellion of Indian peoples, transported livestock, crops, and diseases between Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas, The number of Indians living in Mesoamerica declined due to, disease carried by Europeans decimated most Indian tribes who came into contact with the Europeans, Mexico and Peru were originally Spain's most significant conquests because, the Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had great wealth in gold, Characteristic of legacy of Spanish conquest, The Spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures, First phase of Reformation had its greatest success in (country), people could be saved only by grace, which was a gift from God, John Calvin and Calvinist theologians stressed, King Henry VIIi started the English Reformation by, declaring himself supreme head of the new Church of England while keeping most Catholic doctrines and practices, Elizabeth I's compromise on the Church of England, was widely challenged by those who wanted more radical reforms, many Presbyterians relied on a group of lay elders to help the minister in running the church, Puritan beliefs in the late 16th century England, -Puritans placed an emphasis on the conversion experience, Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church coincided with and became linked to (1519), Wealthiest nation in Europe in the 16th century was, Motive for King Philip II's attack on England (1588), Eradicate Protestantism in England and Holland, English outwork textile industry around 1500, -Landless peasants in small cottages spun and weaved into cloth, The Spanish government spent its American gold on foreign wars, undermining the Spanish economy and prompting the migration of many Spaniards, Holland prospered by the decline of the Spanish empire by, -Capturing Portuguese trading posts in the Indian Ocean and colony of Brazil, Under its policy of mercantilism, the British monarchy, gained power from increased duties that added to the royal treasury by maximizing exports of manufactured good and imports of unfinished products, Influx of American gold and silver into the English economy, encouraged the rise of governing institutions in which rich commoners and small property owners had voice, Dispossessed peasants became part of the mass of migrants to America. water moves from the top-down), The name for the skeletal remains of a prehistoric man found in Kennewick, Washington in the 1990's, one of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found; there were many debates regarding whether the Kennewick man was a Native American, Large underground chamber used by the Anasazi for religious ceremonies, Like the alpaca, llamas were found in abundance in the Machu Picchu burial caves; they served as a source of food, their wool was used to create garments, and they played a role in funeral and other religious ceremonies, Inca royal estate (used a country palace for emperor and his entourage) hidden by dense vegetation; advanced Incan architecture along slopes and canals (creation of terraces); centralization of political power with distinct moiety/social stratification; advanced irrigation system; utilization of varying altitudes/climates; few domesticated animals; fine textiles as major dimension of life; khipu used for information storage and retrieval; knowledge based on comparing historical and archeological context, Parrot; breeding site in Cases Grandes which was then imported to Chaco Canyon; found in burials, still confusion regarding their purpose, Matrilineal Principles of Social Organization, A unilineal descent system in which ancestry is traced through the female line; far rarer societies; appear to be associated with horticulture, long-distance hunting, and warfare with distant enemies, A cultural practice in which a newly married couple live in the bride's village of origin; it is often associated with matrilineal descent, Early civilization that included Mexico and Central America; based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of corn and food production; relatively small society, no centralized political power, small agriculture, but mass production of goods and monumental structures; Casas Grandes has noticeable Mesoamerican features; in relation to cannibalism debate, film plays to preexisting public consciousness of stereotypes regarding Mesoamerican cultures, One of two groups of clans that perform reciprocal ceremonial obligations for one another (often intermarry); Chaco had distinct moieties; could explain the ideological reasoning behind cannibalism, Complex mounds found in Mississippi Valley (Cahokia) trigger a debate regarding the creator; argue that mounds built are far beyond the age/complexity of Native American inhabitants; question the presence of the "Old World" (Europeans, Israelites, Vikings) influence and therefore Native Americans seen as their brutal murderers, NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act), Passed in 1990, this act (1) protects Indian graves on federal and tribal lands, (2) recognizes tribal authority over the treatment of unmarked graves, (3) prohibits the commercial selling of native dead bodies, (4) requires an inventory and repatriation of human remains held by federal government and institutions that receive federal funding, (5) requires these same institutions to return inappropriately acquired sacred objects, and (6) sets up process to determine ownership of human remains found on federal and tribal property; Kennewick Man debate, More well-known Incan royal estate; estate belonged to Pachacuti, who conquored the region and built the town and a ceremonial center, Emperor of Incan society; under his leadership, the Inca conquered all of Peru and then moved into neighboring lands; for his compound, Pachacuti was fond of flowers so a private garden was created; Pachacuti rebuilt the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, a religious location (and potential motivation for some of his later religious reforms), Archaeological zone and its central site, located in northwestern Mexico in the modern-day Mexican state of Chihuahua; one of the locations along the Chaco Meridian; parrot breeding site (trade with Chaco Canyon for turquoise); major community with Mesoamerican features (no centralized political power, small agriculture, but mass production of goods and monumental structures), A Chacoan Anasazi great house and archaeological site located in Chaco Canyon; the center of a bead- and turquoise-processing industry that influenced the development of all villages in the canyon, Largest and best known Great House; rich with information but its multiple occupations and remodeling make it complex and difficult to decipher; cacao residue at Pueblo Bonito (suggestive of elite group); cannibalism present, A Chacoan Anasazi great house and notable archaeological site located in Chaco Canyon; only site in Chaco Canyon that has a tri-wall structure, Knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records; used for information storage and retrieval, A relation of mutual dependence or action or influence; can include the sharing of ideas or resources, A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated, The emperor of the Incan Empire; people believed that he was descended from the sun god; unlike the elite compounds, the residence of the emperor Sapa Inca is set apart physically in the southwest sector from all other domestic architecture (no house adjacent to or even near the royal compound), The order of a social group as evidenced by the positions, roles, norms, and other constraints that control behavior and ensure predictability; an example is social stratification, A type of strong, highly centralized government with a professional ruling class; it is highly stratified and diversified internally, with residential patterns often based on occupational specialization, A stone or wooden slab erected for funerals or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living; can also be used as a territorial marker to delineate land ownership, At Fajada Butte, spiral petroglyph carved onto cliff wall used to mark sun location to tell time, Utilized in Machu Picchu, terraces that were placed along slopes and canals aided crop production by blocking the wind, providing more direct sunlight, and efficiently draining rain water, Structure composed of three rings created by sandstone; Pueblo de Arroyo is the only site in Chaco Canyon that has this structure; could potentially represent a site of intense cultural mixing with northern regions, Believed there was interpersonal violence and cannibalism going on in the Southwestern North America (specifically Chaco Canyon); noticed and studied processed human bones; many question if his theories have gone too far (see cannibalism everywhere), One of the most valued imports to Chaco; many pieces found in Great Houses of Pueblo Bonito as well as burials, suggestive of elite group and luxurious reputation; believed to be a cacao-turquoise exchange with Cerrillos, New Mexico, Relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area, A city founded by Manco Inca; the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards, signaling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule, An archaeologist who researched the population of Chaco; studied location and number of hearths per household in order to draw some conclusions regarding population size, seasonality, and hearth usage (domestic or ritual) in Chaco.

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