W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for state or government, but with more positive connotations than either of those terms. This article is about the form of government. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Semi-presidential systems have a president as an active head of state with important powers, but they also have a prime minister as a head of government with important powers. Following Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), the monarchy was briefly replaced by the Second Hellenic Republic (1924–35). The Israelite confederation of the era of the Judges[24] 28, and n. 202, note. In the ancient Near East, a number of cities of the Eastern Mediterranean achieved collective rule. The guarantee of republican government was designed to provide a national remedy for domestic insurrection threatening the state governments and to prevent the rise of a monarchy, about which there was some talk at the time.James Madison, the author of many of the essays included in The Federalist Papers (1787–88), put forward a sophisticated concept of republican government. In the late Middle Ages, writers such as Giovanni Villani began writing about the nature of these states and the differences from other types of regime. Rousseau admired the republican experiment in Corsica (1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. This understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison, and notably employed in Federalist Paper No. Generally, such leaders as Madison and John Adams believed that republicanism rests on the foundation of a balanced constitution, involving a Separation of Powers and checks and balances. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. When the Constitution was written, was the history of democracy positive or negative? states that a democracy is a state governed by direct democracy. [36] The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. republic - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), republic - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or Amerindian descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based popular sovereignty. Auditing and Assurance Services The Constitution of the United States, ratified in 1789, created a relatively strong federal republic to replace the relatively weak confederation under the first attempt at a national government with the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union ratified in 1781. “government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.” The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire. 1 Toull. This was the first republic established under Marxist-Leninist ideology. Derived from the Latin expression res publica (“the public thing”), the category of republic could encompass not only democratic states but also oligarchies, aristocracies, and monarchies. [14][25][26] In Africa the Axum Empire was organized as a confederation ruled similarly to a royal republic. By a republic, Madison meant a system in which representatives are chosen by the citizens to exercise the powers of government. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the meaning of republic shifted with the growing resistance to absolutist regimes and their upheaval in a series of wars and revolutions, from the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) to the American Revolution (1775–83) and the French Revolution (1787–89). [citation needed] In common parlance, a republic is a state that does not practice direct democracy but rather has a government indirectly controlled by the people[citation needed]. The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of republic as one with a system of indirect election. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people, or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. 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